(.......) ; one semicolon the comment is written to the right of the program text
Example
| (+ x1 ... xn) | addition |
| (* x1 ... xn) | multiplication |
| (- x1 ... xn) | subtraction |
| (/ x1 ... xn) | division |
| (1+ x) | increment with 1 |
| (1- x) | decrement with 1 |
| (expt x n) | x raised to power n |
| (exp n) | e raised to power n |
| (sqrt x) | square root |
| (abs x) | absolute value |
| (max x1 ... xn) | max value |
| (min x1 ... xn) | min value |
| (float x) | convert integer (or rational) to float |
| (truncate x) | truncate integer |
| (round x) | round floating number |
| (mod x y) | modulus |
| (rem x y) | remainder |
| (setq symbol value) | symbol is assigned value |
| (setf place value) | object at place is assigned value |
| (< x1 ... xn) | less ? |
| (<= x1 ... xn) | less or equal ? |
| (> x1 ... xn) | greater ? |
| (>= x1 ... xn) | greater or equal ? |
| (= x1 ... xn) | equal ? |
| (/= x1 ... xn) | not equal ? |
| (zerop x) | 0 ? |
| (plusp x) | > 0 ? |
| (minusp x) | < 0 ? |
| (oddp x) | odd ? |
| (evenp x) | even ? |
| (numberp x) | number ? |
| (integerp x) | integer ? |
| (floatp x) | floating ? |
| (rationalp x) | rational ? |
| (complexp x) | complex ? |
| (symbolp x) | symbol ? |
| (consp x) | cons ? |
| (listp x) | list ? |
| (atom x) | atom ? |
| (null x) | nil ? |
| (endp l) | is the list l the empty list (nil)? |
| (eq s1 s2) | ;are the symbols s1 and s2 equal? |
| (= n1 n2) | ;are the numbers n1 and n2 equal? |
| (eql x1 x2) | ;are (the symbols, numbers, characters) x1 and x2 equal? |
| (equal obj1 obj2) | ;are the objects obj1 and obj2 equal? |
| (princ x stream) | ;sends x to stream without special characters |
| (prin1 x stream) | ;sends x to stream with special characters |
| (terpri stream) | ;sends new-line to stream |
| (fresh-line stream) | ;sends new-line to stream if not already at a new line |
| (print x stream) | ;sends x and new-line to stream with special characters |
| (write x stream options) | ;a printed representation of x is output |
| (error string obj-1 ... obj-n) | ;a fatal error is signalled, format is applied and sent to the error handling mechanism |
| (format string obj-1 ... obj-n)
~a the object is printed as by princ ~d the object is printed in decimal radix ~e the object is printed as a floating-point number using exponential notation ~f the object is printed as a floating-point number with decimal digits ~s the object is printed as by prin1 ~t tabulator ~% new-line ~& new-line if not at the beginning of a new line ~| new page |
;the printed representation of the objects is output in accordance with the format specified in string |
| (read stream) | ;reads a Lisp object from stream |
| (read-char stream) | ;reads a character from stream |
| (read-line stream) | ;reads a line fromstream |
| (peek-char peek-type stream) | ;the next character from stream is read, but not removed - if peek-type is T white space is skipped |
| (make-array size) | ;creates an array with size elements |
| (make-array rank) | ;creates a multi-dimensional array, rank is a list indicating the size of the dimensions |
| (vector e-1 ... e-n) | ;creates a vector consisting of the elements e-i |
| (arrayp obj) | ;test if obj is an array structure |
| (aref arr ix-1 ... ix-n) | ;returns the value of the element at ix-1 ... ix-n inarr |
| (setf (aref arr ix1 ... ixn) element) | ;stores element at at ix-1 ... ix-n in arr |
| (array-rank arr) | ;returns the number of dimensions of arr |
| (defstruct name {docstring} slot-name-1 ... slot-name-n) | |
| (defstruct name {docstring} (slot-name-1 default-1))... (slot-name-n default-n)) | |
| (make-name :slot-name-1 expr-1 ... :slot-name-n expr-n) | ;creates a record structure |
| (name-slot-name record) | ;returns the value of the slot-name element in record |
| (setf (name-slot-name record) new-value) | ;stores new -value in slot-name of record |
| (name-p record) | ;is record a name-structure? |
| (copy-name record) | ;creates a copy of record |
| (get symbol property) | ;returns the value associated with property from the property list of symbol |
| (remprop symbol property) | ;removes property from the property list of symbol |
| (setf (get symbol property) value) | ;associatesvalue to property in the property list of symbol |
| (symbol-plist symbol) | ;returns the property list ofsymbol |
| (progn uttryck1 ... uttryckn) | ;evaluatesexpr-11 ... expr-n sequentially, returns the value of expr-n |
| (prog1 uttryck1 ... uttryckn) | ;evaluatesexpr-11 ... expr-n sequentially, returns the value of expr-1 |
| (cond
(test-1 consequent-1-1 consequent-1-2 ...) (test-2) (test-1 consequent-1-3) ... (test-nconsequent-1-n) ) |
| (if test
then-expression {else-expression} ) |
| (case value
(alt-1 expr-1 ... expr-n) ... (alt-n expr-1 ... expr-n) (otherwise expr) ) |
| (when test
expr-1 ... expr-n ) |
;evaluate expr-1 ... expr-n if test is true |
| (unless test
expr-1 ... expr-n ) |
;do not evaluate expr-1 ... expr-n if test is true |
| (loop
expr-1 ... expr-n ) |
;infinite repetition - terminated by (return value) |
| (dolist (var list-form {result})
{declarations} expr-1 ... expr-n ) |
| (dotimes (var count-form {result})
{declarations} expr-1 ... expr-n ) |
| (do (var {init-form {repetition-form}})
{test result-form} {declarations} expr-1 ... expr-n ) |
| (block block-name
expr-1 ... expr-n ) |
| (return-from block-name value) | ;return from named block |
| (return value) | ;return from implicit block |
| (member obj l) | ;is the object obj a (top-level) member of list l ? |
| (car l) | ;the first element in the list l |
| (cdr l) | ;the list l , except the first element |
| (first l) | ;the first element in the list l |
| (second l) | ;the second element in the list l |
| ... | |
| (tenth l) | ;the tenth element in the list l |
| (nth number l) | ;the number-th element in the list l |
| (last l) | ;the last element in the list l |
| (rest l) | ;the list l , except the first element |
| (cons obj-1 obj-2) | ;the cons whose car is obj-1 and whose cdr is obj-2 |
| (list obj-1 ... obj-n) | ;creates a list of the objects |
| (append l-1 ... l-n) | ;joins the elements of the lists into a single list |
| (make-list size :initial-element x) | ;creates a list with size elements initiated to x |
| (copy-list l) | ;creates a copy of l |
| (remove s l) | ;creates a copy of l , with all s elements removed |
| (reverse l) | ;creates a reversed copy of l |
| (subst new old l) | ;creates a copy of l |
| (intersection l1 l2) | ;creates a list consisting of all elements that are |
| (union l1 l2) | ;creates a list consisting of all elements in either of the lists |
| (butlast l) | ;creates a list of the elements in l, except the last element |
| (length l) | ;length of list l |
| (assoc key alist) | ;returns the first top level element of alist whose car equals key |
| (mapcar fn list1 ... listn) | ;applies fn to the elements in the list(s), returns the values in a list |
| (maplist fn liist-1 ... list-n) | ;applies fn applicerar fn to the tails of the list(s), returns the values in a list |
| (let
( (var-1 {init-1}) ... (var-n {init-n}) ) expr-1 ... expr-n ) |
| (labels
( (fn-1 argument-1 definition-1) ... (fn-n argument-n definition-n) ) expr-1 ... expr-n ) |